You Know That

Saying associated with the Usa invasion of Iraq

"There are known knowns" is a phrase from a response Us Secretary of Defense force Donald Rumsfeld gave to a question at a U.South. Department of Defense (DoD) news briefing on February 12, 2002, virtually the lack of evidence linking the government of Iraq with the supply of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups.^[1]

Rumsfeld stated:

Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as nosotros know, there are known knowns; at that place are things nosotros know nosotros know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know at that place are some things nosotros do not know. Merely there are as well unknown unknowns—the ones we don't know nosotros don't know. And if i looks throughout the history of our country and other gratis countries, information technology is the latter category that tends to exist the difficult ones.^[i]

The statement became the subject of much commentary including a 2013 documentary film, The Unknown Known, directed by Errol Morris.^[2]

Origins [edit]

Rumsfeld's statement brought much fame and public attending to the concepts of known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns, merely national security and intelligence professionals have long used an analysis technique referred to as the Johari window. The idea of unknown unknowns was created in 1955 by two American psychologists, Joseph Luft (1916–2014) and Harrington Ingham (1916–1995) in their evolution of the Johari window. They used information technology as a technique to help people better understand their relationship with themselves likewise every bit others.

The term was as well ordinarily used inside NASA.^[3] Rumsfeld cited NASA administrator William Graham in his memoir; he wrote that he had first heard "a variant of the phrase" from Graham when they served together on the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the Usa during the belatedly 1990s.^[4] Kirk Borne, an astrophysicist who was employed equally a data scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Middle at the time, noted in an Apr 2013 TED talk that he had used the phrase "unknown unknowns" in a talk to personnel at the Homeland Security Transition Planning Office a few days prior to Rumsfeld's remarks, and speculated that the term may take percolated up to Rumsfeld and other loftier-ranking officials in the defense section.^[5]

The terms "known unknowns" and "unknown unknowns" are frequently used in project direction and strategic planning^[6] circles.

Known unknowns refers to "risks you are aware of, such as canceled flights ..."^[7]

Unknown unknowns are risks that come from situations that are so unexpected that they would non be considered. Gimmicky usage is largely consistent with the earliest known usages. For instance, the term was used in show given to the British Columbia Purple Commission of Inquiry into Uranium Mining in 1979:

Site conditions always pose unknowns, or uncertainties, which may become known during construction or performance to the detriment of the facility and possibly pb to harm of the environment or endanger public health and rubber. The gamble posed past unknowns is somewhat dependent on the nature of the unknown relative to by feel. This has led me classify unknowns into 1 of the post-obit 2 types: ane. known unknowns (expected or foreseeable conditions), which can exist reasonably predictable but not quantified based on past experience every bit exemplified by case histories (in Appendix A) and 2. Unknown unknowns (unexpected or unforeseeable atmospheric condition), which pose a potentially greater risk merely considering they cannot be anticipated based on past experience or investigation. Known unknowns result from recognized just poorly understood phenomena. On the other hand, unknown unknowns are phenomena which cannot exist expected because there has been no prior experience or theoretical ground for expecting the phenomena.^[8]

The term also appeared in a 1982 New Yorker article on the aerospace industry, which cites the example of metal fatigue, the cause of crashes in de Havilland Comet airliners in the 1950s.^[9]

Reaction [edit]

While the remarks led to some ridicule towards the Bush assistants in general and Rumsfeld in item, in that location are those who respect the statement. Defenders include Canadian columnist Mark Steyn, who chosen it "in fact a vivid distillation of quite a complex matter",^[10] and Australian economist and blogger John Quiggin, who wrote, "Although the language may be tortured, the basic indicate is both valid and important."^[11]

Psychoanalytic philosopher Slavoj Žižek says that beyond these three categories there is a fourth, the unknown known, that which one intentionally refuses to acknowledge that 1 knows: "If Rumsfeld thinks that the main dangers in the confrontation with Iraq were the 'unknown unknowns', that is, the threats from Saddam whose nature we cannot even suspect, and then the Abu Ghraib scandal shows that the master dangers lie in the "unknown knowns"—the disavowed behavior, suppositions and obscene practices we pretend non to know nigh, even though they form the background of our public values."^[12]. Related to this is the concept of tacit cognition, knowledge which we may act on, merely non be aware of or able to articulate.

German sociologists Daase and Kessler (2007) hold with a basic signal of Rumsfeld in stating that the cognitive frame for political practice may be determined by the relationship between what we know, what we do not know, what we cannot know, just Rumsfeld left out what we do not like to know.^[13]

The event has been used in multiple books to discuss chance assessment.^{[ii] [14]}

Rumsfeld named his 2011 autobiography Known and Unknown: A Memoir. In an "Author's Note" at the start of the book, he expressly acknowledged the source of his memoir'south title and mentioned a few examples of his statement'south prominence, including a Wikipedia article.^[15] The Unknown Known is the title of Errol Morris's 2013 biographical documentary film virtually Rumsfeld.^[16] In the documentary, Rumsfield initially defines "unknown knowns" as "the things you lot think y'all know, that it turns out you did not", and toward the end of the picture he defines the term as "things that you know, that you don't know you lot know".^[17]

In addition, the annotate earned a Pes in Mouth Award.

Analytical sciences [edit]

The term "known unknowns" has been applied to the identification of chemic substances using analytical chemistry approaches, specifically mass spectrometry. In many cases, an unknown to an investigator that is detected in an experiment is really known in the chemical literature, a reference database, or an Internet resource. These types of compounds are termed "known unknowns". The term was originally coined past Little et al.^[18] and reported a number of times in the literature since then as a general approach.^{[19] [xx] [21] [22]}

Run into likewise [edit]

• Blackness swan theory
• Dunning–Kruger upshot
• Epistemic modal logic
• 4 stages of competence
• I know that I know nada
• Ignoramus et ignorabimus
• Ignotum per ignotius
• Johari window
• Knightian uncertainty
• Known and Unknown: A Memoir
• Exterior Context Problem
• Russell's teapot
• Undecidable problem
• The Unknown Known
• Wild card (foresight)

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers, United states of america Department of Defense (defence force.gov)". February 12, 2002. Archived from the original on March xx, 2018.
2. ^ ^{a b} Girard, John; Girard, JoAnn (June 1, 2009). A Leader'due south Guide to Knowledge Management: Cartoon on the Past to Enhance Time to come Performance. Business Expert Press. pp. 55–. ISBN9781606490198 . Retrieved Feb 10, 2014.
3. ^ "NASA Program Management and Procurement Procedures and Practices: Hearings Earlier the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of the Commission on Science and Technology, U.Southward. House of Representatives, Ninety-7th Congress, First Session, June 24, 25, 1981". 1981.
4. ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. New York: Penguin Group. p. xiv. ISBN9781101502495.
5. ^ "Big Data, Minor Globe: Kirk Borne at TEDxGeorgeMasonU". Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
6. ^ "Strategy Under Dubiousness". November 1997.
7. ^ Biafore, Bonnie (Dec 14, 2011). "Project Management Fundamentals". Lynda.com. Lynda.com/LinkedIN. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
8. ^ Argument of Evidence of E. D'Appolonia, D'Appolonia Consulting Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Phase V: Waste matter Disposal. Proceedings of the British Columbia Imperial Commission of Inquiry into Uranium Mining. ISBN978-0-7718-8198-five. 0005037606.
9. ^ Newhouse, J. (June 14, 1982), "A reporter at large: a sporty game; 1-betting the company", New Yorker, pp. 48–105 .
10. ^ Steyn, Mark (December nine, 2003). "Rummy speaks the truth, not gobbledygook". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved Oct 30, 2008.
11. ^ Quiggin, John (February 10, 2004). "In Defence of Rumsfeld".
12. ^ "What Rumsfeld Doesn't Know That He Knows About Abu Ghraib". Retrieved February 23, 2009.
13. ^ Knowns and Unknowns in the 'State of war on Terror': Doubtfulness and the Political Construction of Danger, Christopher Daase and Oliver Kessler, Security Dialogue, Dec 2007; vol. 38, 4: pp. 411–434.
14. ^ Neve, Geert de; Luetchford, Peter (2008). Subconscious Hands in the Marketplace: Ethnographies of Fair Merchandise, Upstanding Consumption, and Corporate Social Responsibleness. Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 252–. ISBN9781848550582 . Retrieved February 10, 2014.
15. ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. New York: Penguin Group. p. 13. ISBN9781101502495.
16. ^ Scott (2014). "Not Giving an Inch in a Boxing of Wits and Words; Deciphering Donald H. Rumsfeld in 'The Unknown Known'". The New York Times . Retrieved Apr four, 2014.
17. ^ Morris, Errol (Director) (December xiii, 2013). The Unknown Known (Motility picture). Los Angeles, CA: The Weinstein Visitor.
18. ^ Trivial, J.L.; Cleven, C.D.; Brown, Due south.D. (2011). "Identification of "Known Unknowns" utilizing accurate mass data and chemical abstracts service databases". J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 22 (2): 348–359. Bibcode:2011JASMS..22..348L. doi:10.1007/s13361-010-0034-three. PMID 21472594.
19. ^ Little, James 50. (2011). "Identification of "known unknowns" utilizing accurate mass data and ChemSpider". Journal of the American Guild for Mass Spectrometry. 23 (one): 179–185. doi:ten.1007/s13361-011-0265-y. PMID 22069037.
20. ^ Stein, S. (2012). "Mass Spectral Reference Libraries: An Ever-Expanding Resource for Chemical Identification". Analytical Chemical science. 84 (17): 7274–7282. doi:x.1021/ac301205z. PMID 22803687.
21. ^ McEachran, Andrew D.; Sobus, Jon R.; Williams, Antony J. (2016). "Identifying known unknowns using the U.s.a. EPA's CompTox Chemical science Dashboard". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemical science. 409 (seven): 1729–1735. doi:10.1007/s00216-016-0139-z. PMID 27987027. S2CID 31754962.
22. ^ Schymanski, Emma Fifty.; Williams, Antony J. (2017). "Open Scientific discipline for Identifying "Known Unknown" Chemicals". Environmental Scientific discipline and Technology. 51 (10): 5357–5359. Bibcode:2017EnST...51.5357S. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b01908. PMC6260822. PMID 28475325.

External links [edit]

• "Defence Department Briefing". C-Span. February 12, 2002.
  Reporter:^37:19 ...Considering there are reports that there is no evidence of a directly link between Baghdad and some of these terrorist organizations.
  Rumsfeld: Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me...
• "DoD News Briefing – Secretarial assistant Rumsfeld and General Myers". Transcript. Press Operations. US Department of Defence. Feb 12, 2002.
• Logan, David C. (March one, 2009). "Known knowns, known unknowns, unknown unknowns and the propagation of scientific enquiry". Periodical of Experimental Botany. sixty (3): 712–4. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp043. PMID 19269994.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns

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